18 February 2022

Spring into action with Plantlife: A comparison of meadow surveying and monitoring methods available at Plantlife

This talk covered 3 different ways you can monitor your meadow.

Host, Lauren, discussed how to understand how management is makes a difference for wild plant diversity. 

It focussed on the different methods Plantlife currently uses: Every Flower Counts, Rapid Grassland Assessment and NPMS+. 

Here are my notes on the presentation:


What is a meadow and meadow types

Poppies
Lucia Chmurova, Magnificent Meadows Cymru Manager, introduced the concept of meadows. Typically understood as either:

Native, largely perennial wildflower meadows, including grasses

or

Pictorial meadows of cornfield annuals, such as poppies, that are re-sown each year.

However, only the perennial type of meadow is considered as a meadow by ecologists.


Species-rich meadows are important as living space for wildlife, to store carbon (below ground), to increased flood resilience, for our wellbeing, and as an important space for farming. Overall, this makes meadows a valuable space for a variety of reasons.

Carbon storage for unimproved grass and scrub at 230 tonne per ha, is actually higher than woodland at 200tph.


Ragged Robin
Within succession, annual plants, such as nettles and poppies take over bare ground. Perennial
meadows are the next stage of succession before scrub, softwood trees, and finally hardwood trees take over.

To ensure a good plant species diversity, wildflower meadows need ongoing management to prevent succession - important as we have so few meadows.

Between April-July meadows should remain uncut to see what is present, before being cut.

Acid (less species rich, marshy/upland area), Neutral, Calcareous (most species rich grassland. Thin, free draining soil), and Improved (plain green fields, often due to modern technology, fertilisers and herbicides) are the four different types of grassland.


Meadow Monitoring

Why monitor a meadow?

  • Species 
  • Type of community of plants
  • Whether management is working - is this increasing or decreasing species?
  • Discovery of problem species
  • Discover how rare or introduced species are managing
  • Changes to the grassland over time

A survey would be a species list, done either once or intermittently.
Monitoring would include a regular survey, showing abundance of species, change over time, and habitat characteristics. It is important to stick with the same style of monitoring, so that the same method is used and comparisons can be made.

Very simply, we can look at species presence or absence. DAFOR - abundance. DOMIN is percentage cover.

There is the need to assess habitat characteristics, such as ratio of flower to grasses, extent of scrub, litter, etc, also extent of bare ground (and the reason why, such as grazing).

Sampling methods include using quadrats, linear plots, or transects.
Fixed squares or plots are often around 5x5m, with the survey repeated in the same spot each visit. 
Randomised or semi-randomised sampling can be 1x1m squares placed around a field, but the square are not fixed and can be changed each survey.

Indicator species can tell you whether the conditions are good or poor and are often divided into positive or negative indicators. Wild thyme and bird's foot trefoil are good indicators, whereas creeping thistle and common nettle are negative indicators as they tend to dominate (indicating too many nutrient, for example.)

Monitoring Projects

Oliver stepped into discuss the monitoring method of Every Flower Counts.
This is a citizen science survey that takes place in May and July each year in gardens, parks, or other domesticated grasslands.

This survey provides engagement by providing a 'Nectar Score' based on species and flowers discovered by a semi-random square is placed and a count of flowers for each species.

A scheme launched in 2015 to give a national overview on trends on meadow habitat. This provides a lot of data on plant abundance providing data on what is happening with Britain's grasslands.
This uses a fixed 5x5m plot that is surveys twice each year, with much online support provided, with data feeding into UK-wide data and statistics.

NPMS+ is being developed for landowners to do this survey on their own land in the next couple of years.


Rapid Grassland Assessment
Used to monitor grassland condition, done of a regular basis (at least annually), using indicator species to inform site management. It is useful for detecting short-term changes in meadow creation or restoration.
Step 1: Create a recording sheet template specifically for your site
Step 2: Place quadrats at the site
Step 3: Record the data in the field
Step 4: analyse results.
More information can be downloaded.

Comparison of schemes
A fantastic overview from Plantlife


Watch the lecture for yourself for the full story:

09 February 2022

Spring into action with Plantlife: Spring into action with Plantlife with Sarah Shuttleworth

The aims of this webinar:

  • Learn the basic parts of a plant
  • Be able to recognise these parts in some flowers
  • Provide a strong foundation for learning more about plant identification

Why do we need to learn this?
  • Terminology can be intimidating
  • Foundation of knowledge to go further
  • Transferrable skills for learning about other aspects of nature

To begin with, we looked at the anatomy of a generalised flower. Here's a diagram I crew a few years ago:

The base of the flower is the receptacle, between the end of the flower stalk and before the flower organs. The T-shape at the base of the diagram is the receptacle.


Sepals are the whorl of outermost flower organs, their role is to protect the flower when it is bud. A group of sepals are called a calyx. Sepals can be free, fused together as a calyx/calyx tube (eg. Ragged Robin), or partly fused (eg. Bell flower).

Petals are the second whorl of floral organs. As a group, known as the corolla, consisting of free petals (eg. cranesbills), or a joined tube (eg. harebell). Petals can be whole or various depths of notched petals.

Another old diagram, this time focussing
 on petal and sepal terminology.

Pistil
consists of the ovary, style and stigma, also known as a carpel. Where a pistil and carpel differ is when there is internal division with multiple carpels within a single pistil, this can be seen when multiple styles and stigmas are showing from a single ovary, such as in members of the carrot family.

The ovary can be either superior, above the other flower parts, or inferior, underneath the flower parts. There is also an intermediate version going by the name of semi-inferior. My diagram shows a superior ovary. The ovary is the ovule-bearing (immature seed bearing) organ. The ovary may contain many ovules.

The stigma, which can vary massively from feathered to multiple prongs, such as trident structures, is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels.

The style is the structure that supports the stigma and provides a route for the pollen tube to develop after pollination. Styles can be very long, pushing the stigma outside of the whorls, or very short.

Stamen consists of a filament (stalk), with anthers at the end. The filament pushes the anthers out into the world, making the pollen-filled anthers available.




Looking at the wider plant, there are leaves (or blades), stems that have nodes (such as leaves) and internodes, the parts in-between.

If a leaf is not fixed to the stem, it will have a structure called a petiole in-between the stem and leaf. Some plant have stipules at the base of the petiole, which can sometimes be used for species identification.


Sarah's teaching style is fantastic, comprehensive, and yet easy going. Her homemade giant flower was a great learning aid. The presentation had two quizzes, which were useful for recalling the terms given. 

Much advice was given about progressing with studies, with some books and apps recommended. 


This webinar can be viewed here:



The follow up webinar can be joined here: An introduction to plant identification: 5 families (tixoom.app)

04 February 2022

Spring into action with Plantlife: How storytelling can change the world

This fascinating talk was given by Lisa Schneidau, storyteller, conservationist and author of Botanical Folk Tales of Britain and Ireland in conversation with Plantlife's CEO Ian Dunn.

Ian provides the detail of Plantlife's connection with the plant and ideas of each story that Lisa tells.


Juniper

The focus of the first talk is the tree that provides a key ingredient for gin, that of the Juniper. Plantlife have had much success in increasing the population of Juniper trees over the past decade.

Lisa goes on to give us a tale of gossiping Juniper trees near the road on a chalk downland.

The trees, lacking anything to gossips about, get bored, with two trees actually caving in.

Eventually a shifty man with a bag of corn hides among the trees, giving the Junipers something to talk about. They summise that the bag is stolen, and pass the information on from bush to tree to bush.

The local constable hears of this theft, arrests the theif and miller who accepted the bag of corn. Both men are hanged, giving the trees much to discuss for a long time.

Ian connects this idea of gossiping trees, to the tree root network that may indicate much more communication between trees that we had ever perhaps imagined.


The Land

Lisa then tells us of the land remembers, even as far back as King Arthur. This particular patch of land, this field in Devon, which nobody has ever been owned. Land grabs and laws have never been able to put the land in the ownership of any human. 

Lisa describes a wonderful ancient hedgerow and the species growing along and within it. The farmer, Farmer Oak, that owns this hedgerow, believes he owns that piece of land.

On the other side of the field, a modern and productive farm, owned by Farmer Ash, who also feels that he owns the fields.

Neither farmer gets on with the other, with no communication for decades.

Farmer Oak walks through the field covered in plentiful species, he happens to bump into Farmer Ash. Finally, a chance to talk, after all these decades. Both farmers tell the other to get off their land!

Farmer Oak says that if he let Ash have the field, he'd destroy the last remaining wildlife meadow in England. Ash says he has no time for flowers, he needs to drain it and get his cows on the fields. This leads to fisty cuffs between the two, ending up down into a boggy end of the field, both with hands around the others neck.

This continued through the night and into the dawn, hands around necks. 

Only the squelching sound of boots led to them looking around, at the same time, at a woman standing their asking, "What are you two doing?".

After hearing both saying that it was their land, she kneels down and listens to the land. 

The land tells her that the farmers belong to it.


The Curse of Pantannas

Ian tells us that Plantlife are just as concerned with fungi as with plants and recognise the importance and deep connection between plants fungi.

Heading west to the Vale of Glamorgan, Lisa tells us of when farmers began to increase their land ownership.

The story tells us of a field of fairy rings, and loud fairies, that bother the farmer that 'owns' the field.

Getting fed up of the situation, the farmer visits the wise woman at the edge of the village. She questions the logic of removing the fairies from 'his' field, as the fairies will not take kindly to being evicted.

The farmer does no care and takes her advice of ploughing the field with iron, to remove the fairies.

A clean and tidy silence follows, he sows a crop. Just when the crop was about to be ready to harvest, a little man with a red coat and silver sword declares "vengeance will come", to the farmer as he stands at the edge of the field.

The ground rumbles and shakes as the field is ready to harvest. The ground is black and desolate. No crops.

The little man appears to tell the farmer that this is just the beginning, with more vengeance to come, even as the farmer cries and declares that he didn't know what he was doing.

The little man returns to his king to tell him of the sorry state of the farmer. However, he returns to say that vengeance will come, but to a future generation of the farmer's family.

As the generations come and go, the family joke that 'vengeance will come'. It doesn't come until after WWII to a man named Madoc, returning home as a war hero to the farm where he grew up. The future to him looked ever-so bright.

The the voices came, "vengeance is here", disrupting a part being held by Madoc. After leaving Teleri, his betrothed, with the safety of her parent, he turned to head home. 

He never did return home. There was no sign of Madoc. Only Teleri believd Madoc had not gone. 

A wise man tells Madoc's parents that Madoc will not return in their lifetime. However, Teleri awaits Madoc's return from the top of the hill observing the landscape.

As she watches, the land changes. Hedges ripped out, chemicals sprayed.

Eventually, Teleri is buried at the local church. 

As Madoc was walking home that fateful night, he heard some magical music in a raven's rift. That music enchanted Madoc, he stood and listened. As hours passed, then music stopped, and he eventually made his way out of the cave, to a landscape unrecognisably changed. 

The only familiar building is the old farmhouse. When he walks into his home, he is confronted by an old man, who knows no Madoc, apart from a century old folk tale.

The old man tries to touch Madoc, who turns to dust, which is blown down to the river.


As Ian comments, we can only ever be custodians of the land, never the owners, as the changes we make can be too devastating.


Janet and Thomalyn (TamLane)

A couple who have known each other since childhood. Tamlane goes missing for a year, with Janet searching the woods for him.

One morning, Janet is picking berries when suddenly TamLane appears after being taken away be the Queen of the fairies. 

Janet desires to have TamLane back for good, but after spending the night with him, he has vanished again. Upon returning home, she is kept in her room by her parents for her safety. However, she soon discovers that her is pregnant by TamLane. 

She escapes and TamLane appears after she picks three broom flowers. TamLane fears being sacrificed to the underworld by the Queen.

On the border between England and Scotland, as the crossroads, she follows TamLane's instructions and yanks him down off his horse to reclaim him. The Queen casts a curse, turning TomLane into a ball of ice, then fire, then an adder, then a swan, but Janet holds on. Finally, TamLane is turned into a red-hot piece of iron. Janet throws him into the river.

The Queen gives up her claim to TamLane. The two lovers, expecting a child, are free to live their lives free.


Lisa is a fantastic storyteller, who truly draws the listener in. The wonderful versions of these folk tales inspire a greater responsibility towards the land and the many species that need the land to live - as we do. She makes the case that perhaps fairies, within the stories, are acting as agents for plants and other species that cannot speak for themselves.


Lisa makes the case that storytelling can change the world because it is such a powerful method of communication, allowing us to see that pathway through to the positive changes that we can make in the future. Lisa challenges us to look at our own pathways and what difference we can make an individuals, on a personal level.

Get your copy of Lisa's fantastic book below (free to read for those with Kindle Unlimited at the time of publishing this post)



01 February 2022

Now a Registered Member of British Naturalist' Association



Recently I applied for Associate membership to British Naturalists' Association.
I was over the moon to receive a phone call from none other than BNA president, Roger Tabor himself with the news that I'd been graded at the higher level of Registered Member instead.
Quoting from the BNA website, this means: "MBNA those naturalists that have established an expertise in the practice and understanding of natural history, and have become skilled and experienced in identification and other field skills, may gain recognition. Becoming a Registered Member carries with it the status of being a proven field naturalist; it is an acknowledgement of gaining a high standard of competence in natural history."

Thanks to all involved in the grading process. To find out more about the BNA, head over to their website.

#naturalist